Super SHRED (2013) is a 4-week very rapid weight loss diet, written by Dr. Ian Smith of The Doctors. It’s a follow-up to the SHRED diet. Use this page as a cheat. Flat Belly Diet Recipes. BBC - Food - Recipes from Programmes : Hairy Dieters: How to Love Food and Lose Weight. Type the ingredients you want to use, then click Go. Alternatively you can search by chef, programme, cuisine, diet, or dish (e.
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Paleo Diet (Paleolithic, Primal, Caveman, Stone Age, Hunter- Gatherer Diet). Links to diet-related sites and chat resources. Diet and Physical Activity: What’s the Cancer Connection? How much do daily habits like diet and exercise affect your risk for cancer? Much more than you might think. Everything you wanted to know about day 3 of the GM Diet. Sample day 3 diet plan as well as how to prepare your body for day 3. Information, guidance and support for readers interested in applying the principles of The Blood Type Diet as outlined by The New York Times best-selling author Dr. A balanced diet means getting the right types and amounts of foods and drinks to supply nutrition and energy for maintaining body cells, tissues, and organs, and for. Is a diet that allows you to eat things like bacon, cream cheese and steak too good to be true? Get the lowdown on one of the nation’s most talked-about weight-loss. The Official HCG Diet Plan and Drops makes is possible for you to lose up to 1 pound of body fat per day, with no injections needed. Learn more here!These three ladies offer food reviews, recipes, message board, chat and resources as well as their own personal journals. LIVESTRONG.COM offers diet, nutrition and fitness tips for a healthier lifestyle. Achieve your health goals with LIVESTRONG.COM's practical food and fitness tools. Feeding a Prey Model Raw diet can be VERY easy if you follow some simple guidelines when making the switch from kibble to raw. Making this transition as easy as. Candida - Conquering Candidiasis Naturally. Conquering Candidiasis Naturallyby Stephen C. Byrnes, N. D., R. N. C. P. THE NIGHTMARE OF CANDIDA OVERGROWTHCandida albicans and candida tropicalis are the names given to common. Everyone has candida within them: we are born with it. After we die, candida acts. It is in the presence of these conditions that. In this process, candida can eat away at the. This condition/disease is known as. Additionally, since one of the main. Diagnoses of. candidiasis were limited to its visible manifestations, e. Treatment was directed towards eradicating these. A person tends to get. Since candida can. These factors are. Prolonged, or repeated, use of antibiotics, corticosteroid drugs. All three are NOT required to bring on a case of. Pregnancy also predisposes women to the. H. balance: candida thrives in an alkaline environment. In some. naturopathic circles, the illness is derisively known as . A truly vicious cycle can ensue: a person. The drugs kill off more. Two other. popular drugs are Nizoral and Fluconazole. While these drugs certainly kill. Let's now take a look at the natural. In general, one must avoid constipation at.
Drinking lots of water will also help flush the dead yeast. If diarrhea is. a problem, psyllium or yellow dock herb, both available in capsule form. It is a complicated condition that involves an. Buckwheat Breakfast Muffins. Prep time: 10 minutes. Cook time: 15 minutes. Total time: 25 minutes. Yield: 12 muffins. Ingredients. 1 cup buckwheat groats, soaked. These two herbs are also effective for constipation. Yellow dock is also known as a blood builder. If you decide to take. While these bacteria will not kill candida, they. Look for a high potency supplement, either. You will need to. Chlorophyll- rich foods. Unless you have an ulcer. HCL). immediately before or after each meal. If you have an ulcer, look for. HCL. Plant enzyme supplements are. Both pancreatin and plant enzymes can be taken between meals to. Using digestive enzymes will help your condition. If you have a history of ragweed allergy do not use. Another herb to consider. Wormwood, while extremely bitter, is probably the. HCL and bile production. SIde. benefits of wormwood are ridding you of any parasites, gas, nervousness, and. Wormwood extract or tincture can be found at any health food. CAUTION: Avoid goldenseal and barberry if you are. Say goodbye to all fruits. Read the label of every food product you buy. Bid farewell to: wheat, rye. Keep your food well covered in the. When eating out, be sure to ask how. Carbohydrates, even. Its also adviseable to avoid the starchier. Different. people, however, have different sensitivities. I've worked with patients who. You and your body are your best. At rock bottom, however, all sugars MUST. Check with a local health food store for sugar free. Soaking initiates the sprouting process and breaks. Brewer's yeast, for example, is a very. Do not eat any refined sugars for at least. Having candidiasis once predisposes one to. Indulging in too. I can painfully attest to, cause a relapse. Garlic will also help with constipation. Some people are sensitive to garlic so increase your dosage slowly to. If there are none, include it liberally. If you prefer to take garlic tablets, look for ones. Berberine is also a powerful immune stimulant. Don't. overuse golden seal as too much will irritate the liver: take for 2 weeks. All of these herbs can also be used to assist digestion. These three herbs are excellent for urinary tract problems. Like wormwood, golden seal. Licorice also tones the adrenal glands and. This herb is also. Aloe Vera- a must if sufferring from fungal skin infections. The. fresh gel is effective against ringworm, jock itch, and athlete's foot and. Use bottled gel if the fresh herb. For proper doses, check the labels, but higher doses may be. It. can also be used as a gargle or douche when mixed with water and can be. Look for a slow release formula of about 3. Though expensive, my clients have. Look for a silver supplement of. Follow the. instructions on the labels for the correct doasages. Taking stabilized oxygen products, like. Oregano oil is estimated at being 1. Be prepared for some explosive diarrhea when using this. As the yeast cells die, the body makes every effort to expel them. The following are suggested daily guidelines. For individual. needs, its best to see a health practitioner who is familiar with. Vitamin A (as retinol and beta carotene)- 7. C- 3 to 5 gms.; selenium- 2. E- 4. 00 iu. iron- 1. It is often prescribed. Glutamine is excellent for helping. Also, since weight loss is usual with severe candida. Glutamine. is also very stimulating to the immune system. Do everything you can, then. The best way to use homeopathics is to start with a weaker. X potency, and gradually work your way up to more. A slow build up avoids the unpleasant. You must be persistent and unwavering in your efforts to recover. Die off. will last from a few days to a few weeks and the severity of symptoms will. Usually present are nausea, headaches, gas. Use your herbs smartly as many of those. Frustration is likely to run. Vintage Books. Candida. Albicans: Could Yeast Be Your Problem? Thorsons. U. K. Byrnes, deceased, was a Naturopathic Doctor and Clinical. Nutritionist from Honolulu, HI. Rieske. B. Sc., and Bible Life Ministries. All Rights Reserved. Kent R. Rieske, Ministry. Director. 50. 86 Cottonwood Drive. Boulder, CO 8. 03. USASend an Amazon Gift Card to Rieske. KR@gmail. comor send cash or a check to my address above. Coconut Bread (And 3 More Uses For Coconut) » The Candida Diet. Coconut is a tremendously versatile ingredient, and you can integrate it into your diet in many different ways. On this page I’ll explain a little about coconut flour, coconut oil, coconut vinegar, and coconut aminos, all of which can be useful additions to your Candida diet. And of course, there’s our famous coconut bread recipe too! Consider using a high quality, organic coconut flour instead of your regular baking flour. It’s much dryer than your regular multipurpose flour, so it’s a little different to cook with. If you’re not getting the consistency that you need, you can also mix it with other low carb flours like almond flour and buckwheat flour. This coconut bread is a filling snack that will help to kill any hunger pangs during your Candida treatment. You can eat this bread as much as you want during the diet. Coconut bread is one of the lowest- carb breads that you can find, and it’s also high in fiber which is great for maintaining a healthy digestive system. Coconut Bread. Prep time: 5 minutes. Cook time: 3. 0 minutes. Total time: 3. 5 minutes. Yield: 1 loaf. Ingredients. My Ultimate Candida Diet program contains more than 5. Find out more here. Coconut Oil. Coconut oil is an incredibly healthy supplement that should be one of your first choices as an antifungal. It that contains 3 different fatty acids (caprylic acid, capric acid, lauric acid) that have been found to be effective against Candida (see research studies here, and here). Of course you can take caprylic acid capsules and get many of the same benefits as coconut oil. However if you follow the whole food approach and integrate natural coconut products into your Candida diet, that’s even better. Coconut oil is a really easy and inexpensive antifungal food to add to your diet. Just take 1- 2 tablespoons of the oil every day to start with. If you don’t experience any Die- Off symptoms you can increase your dose. If you take too much your body will quickly let you know (stomach cramps and diarrhea are the usual symptoms!), but your digestive system can cope with quite large amounts before you see this. Of course coconut oil has a wide range of other benefits for your body, beyond just getting your Candida overgrowth under control. Its great for your hair and skin, keeps your cholesterol levels low, boosts your immune system, and can provide relief from a variety of other complaints. There’s another reason why coconut oil is great for a Candida diet. Many Candida sufferers lose weight while on the Candida Diet because of the changes in their eating routine. Coconut oil is high in calories (remember these are . So if you feel like you are losing too much weight, coconut oil is a great way to boost your calorie intake. One tablespoon contains about 1. You can also use coconut oil for cooking instead of your usual olive oil. Coconut oil is actually very heat stable, so it doesn’t break down into unhealthy trans fats when you cook it in high temperatures. Coconut Aminos And Coconut Vinegar. If you’re struggling to create a tasty salad dressing while on the diet, or you’re frustrated that you can’t use soy sauce, don’t worry. Coconut aminos are a wonderful substitute for regular soy sauce, while coconut vinegar will make some delicious salad dressings and marinades. Both are packed full of nutrients and are good options for a Candida diet. Are you looking for more detail on how to plan and prepare meals during your Candida diet, and how to integrate coconut products into your meal? Check out the Ultimate Candida Diet treatment program that I cowrote with Dr. It contains everything you need to know about Candida, all in one convenient package. Flickr and Tumblr Users With AT& T Emails Are About to Lose Access to Their Accounts. Verizon- owned social media platform Tumblr, along with a laundry list of other Yahoo services, is potentially locking users out of their accounts due to an ending partnership between Yahoo and AT& T, according to Techcrunch. If you’re a Tumblr, Flickr, or regular user of any other Yahoo service and have an AT& T- provided email address, it’ll stop working for those sites on June 3. Like, this Friday, June 3. Tumblr addressed the email shutdown in a post in its help center: Starting on June 3. Create account. By clicking Create account, I agree to Hootsuite's Terms, including the payment terms, and Privacy Policy. AT&T provided even more information about the email service termination, including a list of sites affected by the change and instructions on how to switch email. Welcome to Addicting Games, the largest source of the best free online games including funny games, flash games, arcade games, dress-up games, internet games, word. I created a $1,000 emergency fund several years ago when I started the Dave Ramsey program. I now have no debt (except the mortgage), and am fortunate to have enough.
Yahoo and Tumblr accounts through email addresses with the following domains: att. In short, if you want to use your AT& T- friendly email to access Yahoo’s services like Flickr and Tumblr, you’ll need to change your email address and create a Yahoo ID. The change might come as a surprise to AT& T users, who have been able to use their emails to access a variety of Yahoo- branded services despite the non- Yahoo email address. If you’re tired of spending all of your time writing email, or feel like your email requests never. Flickr users will have to visit an email transfer page, while Tumblr users can change their email address in their settings page. Not every Yahoo service will support an email transfer, however, and may require you to create a new Yahoo ID without the benefit of saving your past data. How to Understand and Use the Nutrition Facts Label. NOTE: FDA has issued final changes to update the Nutrition Facts label for packaged foods. For more information, see Changes to the Nutrition Facts Label. On this page: People look at food labels for different reasons. But whatever the reason, many consumers would like to know how to use this information more effectively and easily. The following label- building skills are intended to make it easier for you to use nutrition labels to make quick, informed food choices that contribute to a healthy diet. The information in the main or top section (see #1- 4 and #6 on the sample nutrition label below), can vary with each food product; it contains product- specific information (serving size, calories, and nutrient information). The bottom part (see #5 on the sample label below) contains a footnote with Daily Values (DVs) for 2,0. This footnote provides recommended dietary information for important nutrients, including fats, sodium and fiber. The footnote is found only on larger packages and does not change from product to product. In the following Nutrition Facts label we have colored certain sections to help you focus on those areas that will be explained in detail. You will not see these colors on the food labels on products you purchase. Sample Label for Macaroni and Cheeseback to top(#1 on sample label) The first place to start when you look at the Nutrition Facts label is the serving size and the number of servings in the package. Serving sizes are standardized to make it easier to compare similar foods; they are provided in familiar units, such as cups or pieces, followed by the metric amount, e. The size of the serving on the food package influences the number of calories and all the nutrient amounts listed on the top part of the label. Pay attention to the serving size, especially how many servings there are in the food package. Then ask yourself, ? Follow this free 2000 calorie menu to lose weight and keep it off. This easy healthy diet plan is well balanced and absolutely healthy. The Serving Size (#1 on sample label) The first place to start when you look at the Nutrition Facts label is the serving size and the number of servings.If you ate the whole package, you would eat two cups. That doubles the calories and other nutrient numbers, including the %Daily Values as shown in the sample label. At Carl's Jr.®, we're here to serve you. We're known as the place to go for juicy, delicious charbroiled burgers. Because if you're gonna eat, you should Eat Like. USFDA Daily Values. Data from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's page, Daily Values Encourage Healthy Diet. The daily values fall in two groups, Daily Reference. Example Single Serving%DV Double Serving%DVServing Size. Calories. 25. 0 5. Calories from Fat. Total Fat. 12g. 18%2. Trans Fat. 1. 5g 3g Saturated Fat. Cholesterol. 30mg. Sodium. 47. 0mg. 20%9. Total Carbohydrate. Nutritional Value of Chia Seeds & the Complete Nutrient and Calorie Profile. The nutritional value of chia seeds, the dried seeds of the Salvia hispanica plant, is. How many calories do you need each day to maintain a healthy weight? WebMD provides a chart that shows how many calories you need each day to maintain weight, lose. Dietary Fiber. 0g. Sugars. 5g 1. 0g Protein. Vitamin A 4% 8%Vitamin C 2% 4%Calcium 2. Iron 4% 8%back to top. Calories provide a measure of how much energy you get from a serving of this food. Many Americans consume more calories than they need without meeting recommended intakes for a number of nutrients. The calorie section of the label can help you manage your weight (i. Remember: the number of servings you consume determines the number of calories you actually eat (your portion amount).(#2 on sample label)In the example, there are 2. How many calories from fat are there in ONE serving? Answer: 1. 10 calories, which means almost half the calories in a single serving come from fat. What if you ate the whole package content? Then, you would consume two servings, or 5. General Guide to Calories. Calories is low. 10. Calories is moderate. Calories or more is high. The General Guide to Calories provides a general reference for calories when you look at a Nutrition Facts label. This guide is based on a 2,0. Eating too many calories per day is linked to overweight and obesity. Look at the top of the nutrient section in the sample label. It shows you some key nutrients that impact on your health and separates them into two main groups: Limit These Nutrients(#3 on sample label)The nutrients listed first are the ones Americans generally eat in adequate amounts, or even too much. They are identified in yellow as Limit these Nutrients. Eating too much fat, saturated fat, trans fat, cholesterol, or sodium may increase your risk of certain chronic diseases, like heart disease, some cancers, or high blood pressure. Important: Health experts recommend that you keep your intake of saturated fat, trans fat and cholesterol as low as possible as part of a nutritionally balanced diet. Get Enough of These(#4 on sample label)Most Americans don't get enough dietary fiber, vitamin A, vitamin C, calcium, and iron in their diets. They are identified in blue as Get Enough of these Nutrients. Eating enough of these nutrients can improve your health and help reduce the risk of some diseases and conditions. For example, getting enough calcium may reduce the risk of osteoporosis, a condition that results in brittle bones as one ages (see calcium section below). Eating a diet high in dietary fiber promotes healthy bowel function. Additionally, a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and grain products that contain dietary fiber, particularly soluble fiber, and low in saturated fat and cholesterol may reduce the risk of heart disease. Remember: You can use the Nutrition Facts label not only to help limit those nutrients you want to cut back on but also to increase those nutrients you need to consume in greater amounts. Note the * used after the heading . It refers to the Footnote in the lower part of the nutrition label, which tells you . This statement must be on all food labels. But the remaining information in the full footnote may not be on the package if the size of the label is too small. When the full footnote does appear, it will always be the same. It doesn't change from product to product, because it shows recommended dietary advice for all Americans- -it is not about a specific food product. Look at the amounts circled in red in the footnote- -these are the Daily Values (DV) for each nutrient listed and are based on public health experts' advice. DVs are recommended levels of intakes. DVs in the footnote are based on a 2,0. Note how the DVs for some nutrients change, while others (for cholesterol and sodium) remain the same for both calorie amounts. How the Daily Values Relate to the %DVs. Look at the example below for another way to see how the Daily Values (DVs) relate to the %DVs and dietary guidance. For each nutrient listed there is a DV, a %DV, and dietary advice or a goal. If you follow this dietary advice, you will stay within public health experts' recommended upper or lower limits for the nutrients listed, based on a 2,0. Examples of DVs versus %DVs. Based on a 2,0. 00 Calorie Diet. Nutrient. DV%DVGoal. Total Fat. 65g= 1. DVLess than Sat Fat. DVLess than. Cholesterol. DVLess than. Sodium. DVLess than. Total Carbohydrate. DVAt least Dietary Fiber. DVAt least. Upper Limit - Eat . Upper limits means it is recommended that you stay below - eat . For example, the DV for Saturated fat (in the yellow section) is 2. This amount is 1. DV for this nutrient. What is the goal or dietary advice? The DV for dietary fiber is 2. DV. This means it is recommended that you eat . This amount is recommended for a balanced daily diet that is based on 2,0. Now let's look at the %DVs. The % Daily Values (%DVs) are based on the Daily Value recommendations for key nutrients but only for a 2,0. You, like most people, may not know how many calories you consume in a day. But you can still use the %DV as a frame of reference whether or not you consume more or less than 2,0. The %DV helps you determine if a serving of food is high or low in a nutrient. Note: a few nutrients, like trans fat, do not have a %DV- -they will be discussed later. Do you need to know how to calculate percentages to use the %DV? No, the label (the %DV) does the math for you. It helps you interpret the numbers (grams and milligrams) by putting them all on the same scale for the day (0- 1. DV). The %DV column doesn't add up vertically to 1. Instead each nutrient is based on 1. This way you can tell high from low and know which nutrients contribute a lot, or a little, to your daily recommended allowance (upper or lower). Quick Guide to %DV5%DV or less is low and 2. DV or more is high (#6 on sample label)This guide tells you that 5%DV or less is low for all nutrients, those you want to limit (e. As the Quick. Guide shows, 2. DV or more is high for all nutrients. Is 1. 8%DV contributing a lot or a little to your fat limit of 1. DV? Check the Quick Guide to %DV. DV, which is below 2. DV, is not yet high, but what if you ate the whole package (two servings)? You would double that amount, eating 3. Total Fat. Coming from just one food, that amount leaves you with 6. Using the %DVComparisons: The %DV also makes it easy for you to make comparisons. You can compare one product or brand to a similar product. Just make sure the serving sizes are similar, especially the weight (e. It's easy to see which foods are higher or lower in nutrients because the serving sizes are generally consistent for similar types of foods, (see the comparison example at the end) except in a few cases like cereals. Nutrient Content Claims: Use the %DV to help you quickly distinguish one claim from another, such as . This works when comparing all nutrient content claims, e. Dietary Trade- Offs: You can use the %DV to help you make dietary trade- offs with other foods throughout the day. You don't have to give up a favorite food to eat a healthy diet. When a food you like is high in fat, balance it with foods that are low in fat at other times of the day. Also, pay attention to how much you eat so that the total amount of fat for the day stays below 1. DV. Nutrients With a %DV but No Weight Listed - Spotlight on Calcium. Calcium: Look at the %DV for calcium on food packages so you know how much one serving contributes to the total amount you need per day. Remember, a food with 2. DV or more contributes a lot of calcium to your daily total, while one with 5%DV or less contributes a little. Experts advise adult consumers to consume adequate amounts of calcium, that is, 1,0. DV in a daily 2,0. This advice is often given in milligrams (mg), but the Nutrition Facts label only lists a %DV for calcium. For certain populations, they advise that adolescents, especially girls, consume 1,3. DV) and post- menopausal women consume 1,2. DV) of calcium daily. Nutrition - Wikipedia. Nutrition is the science that interprets the interaction of nutrients and other substances in food in relation to maintenance, growth, reproduction, health and disease of an organism. It includes food intake, absorption, assimilation, biosynthesis, catabolism and excretion. A healthy diet includes preparation of food and storage methods that preserve nutrients from oxidation, heat or leaching, and that reduce risk of foodborne illness. A poor diet can cause deficiency diseases such as blindness, anemia, scurvy, preterm birth, stillbirth and cretinism. Scurvy, later found to be a vitamin C deficiency, was first described in 1. BC in the Ebers Papyrus. In China, the concept of Qi developed, a spirit or . Daniel and his friends were captured by the king of Babylon during an invasion of Israel. Selected as court servants, they were to share in the king's fine foods and wine. But they objected, preferring vegetables (pulses) and water in accordance with their Jewish dietary restrictions. The king's chief steward reluctantly agreed to a trial. Daniel and his friends received their diet for ten days and were then compared to the king's men. Appearing healthier, they were allowed to continue with their diet. In the 2nd century BC, Cato the Elder believed that cabbage (or the urine of cabbage- eaters) could cure digestive diseases, ulcers, warts, and intoxication. Living about the turn of the millennium, Aulus Celsus, an ancient Roman doctor, believed in . Four elements (earth, air, fire and water) combine into . The states are made up of pairs of attributes (hot and moist, cold and moist, hot and dry, and cold and dry), which are made of four humours: blood, phlegm, green (or yellow) bile, and black bile (the bodily form of the elements). Galen thought that for a person to have gout, kidney stones, or arthritis was scandalous, which Gratzer likens to Samuel Butler's Erehwon (1. Leonardo did not publish his works on this subject, but he was not afraid of thinking for himself and he definitely disagreed with Galen. Jan Baptist van Helmont, who discovered several gases such as carbon dioxide, performed the first quantitative experiment. Robert Boyle advanced chemistry. Sanctorius measured body weight. Physician Herman Boerhaave modeled the digestive process. Physiologist Albrecht von Haller worked out the difference between nerves and muscles. Lind discovered that lime juice saved sailors that had been at sea for years from scurvy, a deadly and painful bleeding disorder. Between 1. 50. 0 and 1. Called the most fundamental chemical discovery of the 1. His ideas made the phlogiston theory of combustion obsolete. In the early 1. 9th century, the elements carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, and oxygen were recognized as the primary components of food, and methods to measure their proportions were developed. Adding various types of vegetables and meats to the diets of Japanese sailors prevented the disease, (not because of the increased protein as Takaki supposed but because it introduced a few parts per million of thiamine to the diet, later understood as a cure. In 1. 89. 7, Christiaan Eijkman worked with natives of Java, who also suffered from beriberi. Eijkman observed that chickens fed the native diet of white rice developed the symptoms of beriberi but remained healthy when fed unprocessed brown rice with the outer bran intact. Eijkman cured the natives by feeding them brown rice, discovering that food can cure disease. Over two decades later, nutritionists learned that the outer rice bran contains vitamin B1, also known as thiamine. From 1. 90. 0 to the present. In 1. 90. 6, Edith G. Willcock and Frederick Hopkins showed that the amino acid tryptophan aids the well- being of mice but it did not assure their growth. Babcock and Edwin B. Hart started the cow feeding, single- grain experiment, which took nearly four years to complete. Vitamin. Year Isolated. The vitamins were studied in the first half of the 2. In 1. 91. 3, Elmer Mc. Collum and Marguerite Davis discovered the first vitamin, fat- soluble vitamin A, then water- soluble vitamin B (in 1. C as the then- unknown substance preventing scurvy. Lafayette Mendel and Thomas Osborne also performed pioneering work on vitamins A and B. In 1. 91. 9, Sir Edward Mellanby incorrectly identified rickets as a vitamin A deficiency because he could cure it in dogs with cod liver oil. Evans and L. S. Bishop discover vitamin E as essential for rat pregnancy, originally calling it . In 1. 92. 7, Adolf Otto Reinhold Windaus synthesized vitamin D, and was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1. In 1. 92. 8, Albert Szent- Gy. In 1. 93. 5, he synthesized it, and in 1. Nobel Prize for his efforts. In 1. 93. 5, Underwood and Marston independently discovered the necessity of cobalt. In 1. 93. 6, Eugene Floyd Du. Bois showed that work and school performance are related to caloric intake. In 1. 93. 8, Erhard Fernholz discovered the chemical structure of vitamin E and then he tragically disappeared. In 1. 94. 1, the first Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) were established by the National Research Council. In 1. 99. 2, The U. S. Department of Agriculture introduced the Food Guide Pyramid. Some nutrients can be stored - the fat- soluble vitamins - while others are required more or less continuously. Poor health can be caused by a lack of required nutrients, or for some vitamins and minerals, too much of a required nutrient. Macronutrients. Some of the structural material can be used to generate energy internally, and in either case it is measured in Joules or kilocalories (often called . Carbohydrates and proteins provide 1. J approximately (4 kcal) of energy per gram, while fats provide 3. J (9 kcal) per gram. Vitamins, minerals, fiber, and water do not provide energy, but are required for other reasons. Molecules of carbohydrates and fats consist of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. Carbohydrates range from simple monosaccharides (glucose, fructose, galactose) to complex polysaccharides (starch). Fats are triglycerides, made of assorted fatty acidmonomers bound to a glycerol backbone. Some fatty acids, but not all, are essential in the diet: they cannot be synthesized in the body. Protein molecules contain nitrogen atoms in addition to carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen. The fundamental components of protein are nitrogen- containing amino acids, some of which are essential in the sense that humans cannot make them internally. Some of the amino acids are convertible (with the expenditure of energy) to glucose and can be used for energy production, just as ordinary glucose, in a process known as gluconeogenesis. By breaking down existing protein, the carbon skeleton of the various amino acids can be metabolized to intermediates in cellular respiration; the remaining ammonia is discarded primarily as urea in urine. Carbohydrates. They constitute a large part of foods such as rice, noodles, bread, and other grain- based products, also potatoes, yams, beans, fruits, fruit juices and vegetables. Monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides contain one, two, and three or more sugar units, respectively. Polysaccharides are often referred to as complex carbohydrates because they are typically long, multiple branched chains of sugar units. Traditionally, simple carbohydrates are believed to be absorbed quickly, and therefore to raise blood- glucose levels more rapidly than complex carbohydrates. This, however, is not accurate. Like all carbohydrates, when it is metabolized it can produce four Calories (kilocalories) of energy per gram. However, in most circumstances it accounts for less than that because of its limited absorption and digestibility. Dietary fiber consists mainly of cellulose, a large carbohydrate polymer which is indigestible as humans do not have the required enzymes to disassemble it. There are two subcategories: soluble and insoluble fiber. Whole grains, fruits (especially plums, prunes, and figs), and vegetables are good sources of dietary fiber. There are many health benefits of a high- fiber diet. Dietary fiber helps reduce the chance of gastrointestinal problems such as constipation and diarrhea by increasing the weight and size of stool and softening it. Insoluble fiber, found in whole wheat flour, nuts and vegetables, especially stimulates peristalsis – the rhythmic muscular contractions of the intestines, which move digesta along the digestive tract. Soluble fiber, found in oats, peas, beans, and many fruits, dissolves in water in the intestinal tract to produce a gel that slows the movement of food through the intestines. This may help lower blood glucose levels because it can slow the absorption of sugar. Additionally, fiber, perhaps especially that from whole grains, is thought to possibly help lessen insulin spikes, and therefore reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes. The link between increased fiber consumption and a decreased risk of colorectal cancer is still uncertain. A molecule of dietary fat typically consists of several fatty acids (containing long chains of carbon and hydrogen atoms), bonded to a glycerol. They are typically found as triglycerides (three fatty acids attached to one glycerol backbone). Fats may be classified as saturated or unsaturated depending on the detailed structure of the fatty acids involved. Saturated fats have all of the carbon atoms in their fatty acid chains bonded to hydrogen atoms, whereas unsaturated fats have some of these carbon atoms double- bonded, so their molecules have relatively fewer hydrogen atoms than a saturated fatty acid of the same length. Unsaturated fats may be further classified as monounsaturated (one double- bond) or polyunsaturated (many double- bonds). Furthermore, depending on the location of the double- bond in the fatty acid chain, unsaturated fatty acids are classified as omega- 3 or omega- 6 fatty acids. Why Paleo Should Be Ranked #1 of All Weight Loss Diets. Blood test – 3/1. Lipids (VAP Test)Total Cholesterol – 3. HDL Cholesterol – 8. Cholesterol/HDL Ratio – 3. LDL Cholesterol (Calculated) – 2. Lipids (VAP Test)Total Cholesterol – 3. HDL Cholesterol – 8. Cholesterol/HDL Ratio – 3. LDL Cholesterol (Calculated) – 2. Iranian LDL Cholesterol Calculation – 1. Triglycerides – 5. VLDL Chlosterol (Calculated) – 1. Triglycerides/HDL ratio – . Pattern size – A – large and bouyant. Sub Class infomation. HDL- 2 (Large, Bouyant; most protective) – 3. Ref range > 1. LHDL- 3 (Small, dense; least protective) – 5. Ref range > 3. LVLDL- 3 (Small Remnant) – 1. Ref range < 1. Heather’s POV: Weight Watchers Beyond the Scale and Other Tools You Can Use in Your Weight Loss Journey. Beyond Diet by Live Smart Solutions LLC is a weight loss program founded in 2008 by Isabel De Los Rios, and they are based out of Vermont. This company focuses on. Sign up for FREE and get: 3 free diet plans to help you kickstart your diet, lose weight and get healthy; Recipes, giveaways and exclusive deals delivered directly to. All pace charts (PDF & HTML) are copyrighted and may not be altered, copied, or used on another web site without permission. Email here for permissions. HMR Shakes put the smooth in smoothie! These rich, nutritious and filling shakes are the best shakes for weight-loss and weight management on the market. LGlyco. Hgb (A1. C) – 5. Ref range 5. 0- 6. LEstimated Average Glucose – 1. LFasting Glucose – 7. Ref range 6. 5- 9. LBerkeley Heart Lab test results – 1. TC – 2. 74 mg/d. LLDL- C (Calculated) 1. LHDL- C 7. 6 mg/d. LTriglycerides 4. LAp- B 1. 04 mg/d. L Reference Range < 1. LLP(a) < 2 mg/d. L Reference Range 0- 3. LLipid Sub. Class Detail. Berkeley Lab analyzes LDL for 7 sub classes from large buoyant to small dense. LDL I, IIa and IIb are considered large buoyant – As a % these 3 totalled 8. LDL I=5. 1. 1%, LDL IIa=1. LDL IIb=1. 5. 2%LDL IIIa+b, LDL IVa and LDL IVb are considered small dense with IVb being the smallest. As a % these totalled 1. LDL IIIa=1. 1. 2%, LDL IIIb=3. LDL IVa=1. 8% and LDL IVb=0. LDL IIIa+b=1. 5% Reference Range=1. LDL IVb=0. 7% Reference Range=1. LDL IIIa=B = 1. 7. L Reference Range=1. LLDL IVb=1. 0 mg/d. L Reference Range=1. LHDL is analyzed for 5 subclasses. HDL2b=3. 4%, HDH2a=2. HDL3a=2. 0%, HDL3b=1. HDL3c=8%HDL2b Reference Range 7- 3. HA1. C – 5. 6. Fasting Glucose – 1. The best diet for losing weight is Weight Watchers, according to the experts who rated the diets below for U.S. Volumetrics and Jenny Craig tied for second. The Stubborn Fat Solution. First Edition. Softback: 8.5X11. Show me my purchase options. About the Book. The problem of stubborn body fat. L Ref Range 6. 5- 9. LEstimated Average Glucose – 1. LLDL- P 1. 43. 0 nmol/LSmall LDL- P 1. LStarted 1. 0mgs/day Atotvastatin in 7/1. Blood test 1. 0/1. TC 1. 26 mg/d. LLDL 7. LApo. B 6. 4 mg/d. LHDL 4. 8 mg/d. LTG 3. LVitamin D3 – 4. 6 with normal 3. I made some small changes to my diet in addition to the statin. I still eat 8- 1. I also eat fresh/frozen fruit, nuts, seeds, raw cacoa powder, fresh/frozen veggies, etc. I also take certain supplements but 2. Co. Q- 1. 0 and 1,0. Slo. Niacin are essential. I will be taking a NMR, Fatty Acid Profile, Essential (C1. C2. 2), Serum and a Cardio IQ. Ernestine Shepherd, 7. Year- Old Bodybuilder, Says 'Age Is Nothing But A Number' (VIDEO)If you ever wanted real- world proof that age is nothing but a number, you've found it. Meet Ernestine Shepherd. With her flat stomach, toned arms and excellent health, you'd never guess that this female bodybuilder is in her late 7. But she is - - 7. As impressive as her physique is, one of the most incredible parts of Shepherd's story is that she didn't even start working out until she was 5. Shepherd and her sister, Mildred Blackwell, decided to get fit after they tried on swimsuits and weren't happy with what they saw in the mirror. The sisters set their sights on becoming two of the oldest female bodybuilders. However, after Mildred died, the devastated Shepherd ended up with high blood pressure, panic attacks, acid reflux and depression. Then, Shepherd says her sister appeared to her in a dream, urging her to follow through with the bodybuilding dream they had conceived together. Shepherd did, and was declared the World's Oldest Performing Female Bodybuilder by the Guinness Book of World Records in 2. No medicine for acid reflux. By me out running and walking, the depression and anxiety just left me.
In addition to running and working out, she eats 1. She also teaches classes at her Maryland gym, Energy Fitness. That class has grown - - some mornings everybody can't get in the room. How do football pros eat during training season? How do NFL pros train when they hit the gym? Get muscle-building strategies from professional athletes. For her students, Shepherd encourages exercise in any shape or form. I say to my senior ladies - - and the men - - 'Don't forget: Age is nothing but a number and you can get fit.'. Plus, Shepherd shares the age- defying mantra that helps keep her motivated. ET on OWN. Keep in touch! Check out Huff. Post OWN on Facebook and Twitter . Quick Tips to Get Started on The Wild Diet. Here’s how to get started now on The Wild Diet. Eat as many green and colorful veggies as you’d like – they should.Workouts That Burn Belly FatFat burning and other health benefits. What Is the Best Gym Equipment to Get Rid of Belly Fat? Treadmills burn the most. Best Ways to Burn Belly Fat. Now here's the truth. Cardio is not the best way to burn fat. In fact, I've met very few people who have successfully used cardio to lose stomach fat. And most of those people were young men, and anything works for them when they want to burn fat. While walking is a good start, and its better than nothing, if you want to seriously ramp up your belly fat burning, you need to do more than just take a stroll. Of course, your diet is essential. What is the best cardio workout for burning off fat? Check out the Cardio Workout to Blast Belly Fat. The Best Cardio Workout to Blast Belly Fat? When doing cardio. In fact, I always give more credit to nutrition for being a key factor in fat burning than I do exercise. Remember this: You can't out- train a bad diet! So cut excess sugar from your diet, and increase your protein and fiber intake (through fruits, vegetables, and nuts) to lose belly fat. When it comes to exercise, if you want to lose stomach fat fast, you need to increase the intensity of your workout by using both resistance training and interval training to lose stomach fat. Australian researchers, such as Professor Steve Boucher, even believe that interval training can lead to a spot reduction of belly fat. That's something that no amount of abdominal training can do! While bodybuilders and young guys without any cares in the world can spend an hour a day on cardio - and sometimes get results - men and women who only have 4. Let's take a look at the perfect workout plan to get you maximum fat burning results in minimum workout time. Here are the keys. First, start with a circuit of bodyweight exercises to prepare your body for a fat burning workout. This should only take 5 minutes. Follow that up with supersets of resistance training using multi- muscle exercises for maximum metabolism boosting. This works so much for post- exercise calorie burning than slow cardio workouts. That will lead to more belly fat burning as well. Bonus: You can do this ab circuit at home. Watch the Youtube video: Ab workout. After 1. 5 minutes of resistance training, finish with 1. Use a warmup, then do a few intervals, and then cool- down. You don't need a lot of intervals to get great fat burning results. With that workout schedule, you'll be in and out of the gym in 4. Compare that to what most people do, which is run, jog, cycle or use the cardio machines for 4. Sure, that will burn calories, but it doesn't build a better body.
Men and women love the fast fat burning results they get from short burst exercise sessions. Your body was not meant to run marathons. Instead, it was meant to perform quick bursts of exercise, and that is why resistance training and interval training sculpt a better body than long, slow cardio. The best way to lose stomach fat is to use the following three exercise methods. Bodyweight circuit training to warm- up the body. Resistance training supersets to boost the metabolism. Interval training to burn belly fat. Put those three, short exercise methods together into one great belly fat burning workout if you want to lose stomach fat fast! The VFX Body System Reviewhttp: //www. Fat loss factor scam is a subject that has come up to damage a good program that helps one to lose weight faster and efficiently. It is a vile act for someone to claim that the program, which is very efficient in involving a regulated diet and appropriate. ZTUONiy. Kag. LMhttp: //www. Fy. Lit. Cl. 7Pf. Qd. DUOLQOuax. TXbj. NG. com (9. 7) Dw. OWeb http: //www. Fy. Lit. Cl. 7Pf. Qd. DUOLQOuax. TXbj. NG. com. 8. 1. 2 Years A Slave full movie downloadhttp: //hungergames. Pavidahttp: //www. STFFo. XUVlhc. MCg. VXQx. Whttp: //crork. Ke. KB Awesome article. Really thank you! VKbkdtknxxxhttp: //www. NJ car insurance nbnypc cause of male impotence 3. NJ car insurance =- DD viagra on line no rx : PP cyalis levitra sales viagra %. Bbe. My. Bq. Uw. Iz. Zx. Ghttp: //www.
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Washington Quarter, . Small Animal Nutrition . These pets have been bred in captivity for years and are ideal for a variety of pet owners because of their small space requirements, quiet nature, ease of handling and relatively simple husbandry requirements. Diet is an important part of the care of these pets and each species should have its own specific nutritional needs met. A rabbit is not a rodent is not a ferret, and so on.*TIP: Find at least one healthy treat food that your pet likes and feed a small amount daily to check on how good your pet’s appetite is. Some species, such as chinchillas and gerbils, require less water due to physiological adaptations to living in a dry environment, but they still need a water source always available. A sipper water bottle is the best choice because it cannot be contaminated with bedding, food, feces and urine. The “sipper” part of the bottle should be metal and not plastic, which can easily be damaged by inquisitive teeth. It is not necessary to add vitamins to the water for any of these species if the recommended diets are followed. The disadvantages of adding vitamins include making the water taste disagreeable and promoting bacterial growth. In addition, many vitamins are inactivated shortly after they are exposed to air, water and light, which reduces their effectiveness. Although it is a rare problem, it is possible to overdose a pet on vitamins, which can result in disease. Medications should be added to the water only under the advice of your veterinarian. Water bottles or bowls should be emptied and filled with fresh water daily to encourage drinking (some animals don’t like stale water) and to prevent overgrowth of bacteria. Chinchillas have a diet similar to rabbits. They are herbivores with continually growing teeth as in the rabbit and guinea pig. They originally came from a dry, cold. As a degu owner, you know when your furry friend isn't their usual self. Of course you should always take your degu to a vet as soon as you notice something isn't. Food as an Environmental Enrichment. Remember that giving food to your pet is not just a matter of making sure it gets its nutrients. If your pet is not in the best of health, or if you are in doubt about changes that should or should not be made as suggested by this article, please consult your veterinarian before proceeding. The dietary recommendations in this article are for NON- BREEDING, NON- PRODUCTION PETS. If you are involved in a breeding or a production program, you may need to make adjustments in the amount and types of foods fed. Rabbits. Rabbits are perhaps the third most commonly kept mammal after dogs and cats in the United States. WHAT'S THE MATTER? Looking for answers on a specific pet disease or condition of interest to you? Find articles on a variety of subjects relating to animal, bird. Chihuahua Puppy Care Guide for new owners. Tips, advice & information on taking care of your pup. Includes feeding, health, training and much more. Royal Canin Vet Diet Feline Renal Tuna Cat Food Pouches 48 x 85g (Web Exclusive) is available to buy online at Pets at Home, the UK's largest pet shop with fast. Royal Canin Vet Diet Feline Renal Chicken Cat Food Pouches 48 x 85g (Web Exclusive) is available to buy online at Pets at Home, the UK's largest pet shop with fast. They are not rodents, but are included in a family called Lagomorpha. They are strict herbivores and have continually growing incisors and molars that are designed to tear and macerate tough leafy foods. The jaw moves from side to side when the rabbit is eating and the teeth are worn down by this action. Rabbits require a large percentage of fiber in their diet to maintain normal gastrointestinal motility. Rabbits have a large cecum, which is a blind pouch located at the junction of the small intestine and the large intestine, where the digestible portions of the intestinal contents enter and are broken down by bacteria. Some nutrients are absorbed through the wall of the cecum, but most nutrients are locked up in the bacteria. The rabbit then produces bacteria- rich droppings called cecotropes, which are softer, stickier, greener and have a stronger odor than the regular waste droppings. These cecotropes are eaten directly from the anus as soon as they are produced. The cecotropes are then passed through the digestive tract of the rabbit and nutrients such as vitamins, amino acids and fatty acids are released from the bacteria and absorbed into the rabbit’s body. In this way, rabbits are efficient at producing their own vitamin, protein and fat supply from food that for some animals, such as ourselves, would be totally useless. The biggest mistake people make when feeding rabbits is overfeeding high calorie and high starch foods such as commercial pellets and grains and underfeeding high fiber foods such as hay and greens. This pattern of feeding can lead to obesity and gastrointestinal disease. Chinchilla nutrition is paramount to a chinchilla's health and longevity! Most health problems stem from an owner providing incorrect nutrition, which can be avoided. The most important part of the house rabbit diet is an unlimited supply of grass hay, which provides essential fiber as well as proteins, vitamins, minerals and carbohydrates. Because of the high fiber content of the hay, it is the best preventative for stomach and intestinal problems such as chronic soft stools. Hay (and greens) also provide some of the essential work needed to keep the teeth worn down due to all the chewing the rabbit needs to do to break it down. Hay can also be stuffed in empty paper towel or toilet paper rolls, unpainted, unvarnished baskets, empty boxes and so on to provide a sense of foraging for food, which is a mental enrichment. There are several types of grass hays available such as mixed orchard grass, timothy, Bermuda or oat.
Hays vary depending on the area of the country and the time of the year. Sources of hay include pet stores, feed stores and online companies. Hay should be stored in a cool, dry area in an open bag to allow for good air circulation. Hay should have a fresh smell. Damp hay can become moldy and should be discarded. Rabbits of any age can be introduced to hay without any special preparation. Another important part of the house rabbit diet is fresh, leafy greens. These foods provide not only fiber, but a variety of vitamins, such as A and C, minerals, proteins, and carbohydrates. Most rabbits really enjoy their greens. The old stories about greens causing . On commercial pellets or grains, the flora in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract may not be as varied as in a hay and greens based diet. When greens are introduced to these rabbits, more water is introduced into the GI tract than the rabbit got on the dry commercial diet. All this can result in temporary soft stools, which usually stabilizes within a week. However there is no reason for your rabbit to have to experience this if you follow this rule. Greens should be washed thoroughly, to remove dangerous pesticides. Uneaten fresh foods should be removed from the cage after 3 to 4 hours to prevent spoilage. The amount to feed is a maximum of 1 packed cup of greens for each 2 lbs of body weight daily You can feed this all at once or divide it between two or more feedings a day. Use dark, tough, leafy greens as opposed to light colored thin- leafed greens such as bibb lettuce and iceberg lettuce. Fruits and other vegetables are considered more along the lines of “treat” foods and should be fed in small quantities only per day. Stay away from starchy and high sugar content foods such as bananas, peas, corn, beans, grapes, white and sweet potatoes. Cereal grains and cereal products can cause digestive upsets due to their high starch content, are high in calories and in general should not be used for the house rabbit. These foods include: bread, cookies, crackers, rolled oats, breakfast cereals and other grain products. Although many people feed these treat foods because their rabbits love them (like candy!) if they are fed in too large an amount, they can create obesity and chronic soft stools. Don’t introduce these . They are efficient at what they are designed to do, but for the house rabbit that is to live out a full life, the unlimited feeding of a commercial pellet may be a problem. Once rabbits are full grown, they don’t need to put on more weight. Feed your pet a commercial pellet that is designed for the maintenance of the adult rabbit, with a fiber content of 1. Once a young bunny has reached its adult size (4- 8 months depending on the breed) we recommend cutting back the pellets to 1/4 cup per 4 lbs body weight per day as a MAXIMUM. Remember, there is always hay available so your pet will never go hungry. Pellets should be bought in amounts that will be used within 3 months and kept in a closed container in a cool dry place to prevent spoilage. Do not use pellet mixes that contain grains and seeds along with the pellets. The addition of the grains and seeds only add to the calorie and fat content, which can result in obesity, liver and intestinal disease. Some obese rabbits that have difficulty losing weight on pellets may have to have them removed from the diet altogether, but this should be done only under your veterinarian’s supervision. Additional supplements are not needed for rabbits on a diet that is rich in hay, greens and limited pellets. Guinea Pigs. Guinea pigs, rats, mice, hamsters, gerbils, and chinchillas are all rodents, but they have some distinct differences in their dietary requirements due to the diverse habitats where they originate. Guinea pigs are herbivores and require a similar diet as rabbits with plenty of grass hay and greens and limited commercial pellets. They have continuously growing incisors and molars, which like the rabbit wear down with the normal action of eating. Guinea pigs also produce nutrient- rich cecotropes in a similar manner as rabbits, which they eat directly from the anal area. Guinea pigs should have unlimited grass hay, which is rich in nutrients, not too high in calories, promotes healthy intestinal tract movement and flora and is helpful for proper tooth wear. Guinea pigs have a special requirement that rabbits and other rodents do not. Guinea pigs, along with humans and primates, require an outside source of vitamin C. Commercial foods made specifically for guinea pigs should have vitamin C already added. For instance a cup of fresh kale contains approximately 2. C compared to a cup of oranges (without the peel), which contains only 5. C. The minimum daily vitamin C requirement in the guinea pig is 1. Guinea pigs can easily get this amount and more with the feeding of 1/2 to 1 cup of fresh leafy greens daily. Supplementing vitamin C in the water is not effective due the rapid breakdown of the vitamin when it is exposed to light and heat; also, some vitamin C products have a bitter taste and this is not recommended. As mentioned above, even though guinea pig pellets have vitamin C added, you should not depend on them to provide the full daily amount. Guinea pig pellets must be used within 9. All You Need to Know About Caring for Chinchillas. Sophie Hacking BSc MSc This information can be downloaded as a pdf document by clicking here. This species has complex social, environmental and behavioural needs which need to be met if they are to be kept happily as pets. Wild chinchillas are protected under CITES Appendix 1 (CITES, accessed 2. They exist mostly in the Reserva Nacional las Chinchillas in Auco, Chile (Jimenez, 1. F Chapman and taken to the USA (Spotorno et al, 2. Living in an arid environment, chinchillas are specially adapted to conserve energy - they produce concentrated urine and small, dry faeces, and their dense hair (with around 5. Wilcox, (1. 95. 0)) prevents heat and water loss (Spotorno et al, 2. Their main food plants are the bark and leaves of native herbs and shrubs, and succulents such as bromeliads and cacti (Cort. Chinchillas rarely drink in the wild but obtain all their fluids from their diet (Spotorno et al, 2. They construct burrows or shelter in crevices under rocks or in plants, and dustbathe frequently in the area near the burrow entrance (Spotorno et al, 2. They use conspicuous rocks for observing their range, resting and forming latrines sites which serve to advertise their presence to others (Spotorno et al, 2. Chinchillas are a prey species - their natural predators include the Culpeo foxand Magallen horned owl and they can shed their fur to escape predators (Spotorno et al, 2. They need a large and interesting environment to live in and explore so their home should consist of a spacious home cage and free access from the cage to a large and enriched exercise area. Avoid cages with plastic shelves and bases – chinchillas are prodigious chewers and will destroy these quickly. Rooms such as kitchens, living rooms, bathrooms and bedrooms are not ideal places to allow chinchillas to exercise freely as they can reach high places and squeeze into tight spaces so can be hazardous for chinchillas. Your chinchillas’ cage and exercise area should contain boxes, tunnels and tubes to explore, hide in and jump on, and branches of wood to chew to help wear their teeth down (Spotorno et al, 2. Hoppmann, & Wilson- Barron, 2. Provide a selection of enrichment items and swap them for new ones frequently to help maintain your chinchillas’ interest in their environment. A very large metal wheel with a solid running surface (i. As a prey species, chinchillas need places to hide and rest undercover away from predators. Providing chinchillas with nest boxes helps them to manage stress by enabling them to retreat from things which scare them (Saunders, 2. Hoppmann, & Wilson- Barron, 2. Kay, 2. 00. 4). Bedding and Nesting materials. Provide bedding at the base of the cage to absorb waste, and nesting materials within the cage and nest boxes for your chinchillas to rest on. Wood shavings, newspaper, shredded paper or recycled wood or cardboard litters are suitable bedding materials, and hay or soft, shredded paper bedding can be used as nesting material. The cage should be spot cleaned daily to remove droppings and damp bedding and nesting material. Chinchillas, like many rodents, recognise their environment as being familiar through scent, and thorough cleaning is likely to remove all familiar scent which may cause stress. When cleaning the cage, use an unscented, pet- safe disinfectant. Retain a handful of old but dry bedding and nesting material to replace in the cage once it has been fully cleaned. It’s best to clean your chinchillas’ cage in the evening when they are naturally awake and active to avoid disturbing their rest during the day. Diet Chinchillas are mainly herbivorous (eat only plant material) and caecotrophic (they produce two types of faecal pellet, the first type, the . A chinchilla’s typical daily diet consists of 3. Wolf et al, 2. 00. Fresh herbs and leafy greens can be fed in very small amounts daily as treats. Chinchillas have been shown to prefer dead and dry leaves to fresh leaves (Cort. Chinchillas should be allowed to access their dustbathe daily, however time- limiting access to dustbaths may be necessary to prevent eye irritation (Saunders, 2. Sobie, 2. 01. 0). Specialist chinchilla bathing sand can be bought from most pet stores. Play or builder’s sand is not suitable for chinchillas to dustbathe in as it does not have the properties required to keep a chinchilla’s coat clean and may damage the chinchillas coat or skin. Chinchillas have a distinct sequence of dustbathing behaviour consisting of three phases: . Watch your chinchillas dustbathe to spot these three stages. Dustbathing may also be an important means of social bonding and maintaining a group scent (Eisenberg, 1. In other species such as the degu, individuals have been found to bathe more regularly in areas where other familiar individuals have previously bathed (Ebensperger & Caiozzi, 2. Further research into the dustbathing behaviour of chinchillas is required to determine all of its functions to them. Socialisation and Handling. The socialisation period is a sensitive period during an animal’s early development when it is most receptive to learning about other social objects (i. It is important that chinchillas have good experiences with people during this time in order for them to be comfortable in their presence during adulthood. The socialisation period for chinchillas has not been determined, but in rabbits this may occur between 4 and 6 weeks of age as handling rabbit kits at this age helps them to become accustomed to people and more easily handled later in life(Der Weduwen, 1. Chinchillas can be nervous of humans if they have not experienced human contact at an early age, and the behaviour of the mother towards humans may be an important influence on the kits’ socialisation (Saunders, 2. Sobie, 2. 01. 0). It’s important to introduce them to handling very gradually and gently, and in association with positive experiences (e. It’s best to do this in the evening when chinchillas are naturally awake. Then remove your hands and reward your chinchilla for staying still and calm. Body language and physical communication. A chinchilla’s body posture communicates its emotional state; frightened chinchillas will crouch down, lower their ears and turn away from fearful stimuli, inquisitive chinchillas attend to and move towards what interests them, or they may stand on their hind legs when interested or alarmed (Sobie, 2. Chinchillas may gently nibble objects and people to investigate them - this is normal behaviour and should not be punished in any way as punishment may create a fear of humans (Johnson, 2. Sobie, 2. 01. 0). Chinchillas spray urine when scared and this may be directed at humans or other chinchillas (Weir, 1. Fur chewing may be influenced by dietary factors such as the amount of hay in the diet (Berthelsen & Hansen, 1. Lidfors, 1. 99. 7; Kersten, 1. Hoppmann & Wilson- Barron, 2. Iglauer et al.,1. Malmkvist & Hansen, 2. Ponzio et al., 2. Husbandry and management practices employed by owners may be a source of stress to pet chinchillas, which may influence fur- chewing. Chinchillas may also gnaw or shake the bars of the cage due to sources of stress in the environment, lack of access to shelter, or frustration due to lack of physical or mental stimulation. Bar gnawing, back- flipping and other repetitive movements were common in pet chinchillas and these behaviours were significantly inversely associated with the number of chinchillas owned (Hacking & Taggart, 2. Owners with chinchillas that bit people had smaller cages for their chinchillas than owners of chinchillas that did not bite (Hacking & Taggart, 2. A smaller cage may mean that chinchillas have less space to escape threats, so are more likely to bite to defend themselves (Weir, 1. Preventing problem behaviour. Whilst the causes of fur chewing and other behaviour problems in chinchillas are largely unknown, an understanding of the chinchilla’s natural behaviour and the ability to provide for these fully when kept as pets is likely to help to prevent the occurrence of behaviour problems. If any of your chinchillas are exhibiting a behaviour problem, see your vet first to identify any medical reasons which may be causing or influencing the problem. Company. Chinchillas are social animals that live in large groups in the wild(Spotorno et al.,2. Some authors suggest that aggression is common in females towards males and other females (Boussarie, 2. Weir, 1. 96. 7) and threats include growling, teeth chattering and urine spraying (Spotorno et al., 2. This behaviour may be more prevalent in situations lacking environmental enrichment and individuals that have been subject to mounting avoid areas of conflict, such as feeding and exercise areas, in the presence of the mounting individual (Sobie, 2. Consider the cost of suitable accommodation, food, bedding, toys and veterinary care. Consider whether your life is likely to change in any way which will affect your ability to keep you chinchillas. Sandbathing reduces fur lipids of chinchillas(Chinchilla laniger). Animal Behaviour 3. Berthelsen, H. The effect of hay on the behaviour of caged rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Animal Welfare 8, 1. Boussarie, D. Carte D’identite Chinchilla. Proceedings of the 2. World Small Animal Veterinary Association Congress. Seasonal food habits of the endangered long- tailed chinchilla (Chinchilla lanigera): the effect of precipitation. Mammalian Biology 6. Csatadi, K., Kustos, K., Eiben, Cs., Bilko, A. Even minimal human contact linked to nursing reduces fear responses towards humans in rabbits. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 9. Der Weduwen, S. Rabbit behaviour and the effects of early handling. Unpublished MSc thesis. University of Southampton. In: Mc. Bride, A. Why Does My Rabbit? Souvenir Press, London. Dzierzanowska- Goryn, D., Kaleta, T., Kowalczyk, M.(2. The behaviour and activity of chinchilla (Chinchilla lanigera) kept under laboratory conditions. Proceedings of the 1. |
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